%!
%%Pages: (atend)
%%DocumentFonts: (atend)
%%EndComments
%
% Frame Maker PostScript Prolog 1.11, for use with Maker 1.11
% Copyright (c) 1986,87 by Frame Technology, Inc.  All rights reserved.
%
% Known Problems:
%	Due to bugs in Transcript, the 'PS-Adobe-' is omitted from line 1
/FMversion (1.11) def 
/FrameDict 120 dict def 
% The readline in 23.0 doesn't recognize cr's as nl's on AppleTalk
FrameDict /tmprangecheck errordict /rangecheck get put 
errordict /rangecheck {FrameDict /bug true put} put 
FrameDict /bug false put 
mark 
% Some PS machines read past the CR, so keep the following 3 lines together!
currentfile 5 string readline
00
0000000000
cleartomark 
errordict /rangecheck FrameDict /tmprangecheck get put 
FrameDict /bug get { 
	/readline {
		/gstring exch def
		/gfile exch def
		/gindex 0 def
		{
			gfile read pop 
			dup 10 eq {exit} if 
			dup 13 eq {exit} if 
			gstring exch gindex exch put 
			/gindex gindex 1 add def 
		} loop
		pop 
		gstring 0 gindex getinterval true 
		} def
	} if
/FMVERSION {
	FMversion ne {
		/Times-Roman findfont 18 scalefont setfont
		100 100 moveto
		(Maker version does not match postscript_prolog!)
		dup =
		show showpage
		} if
	} def 
/FMLOCAL {
	FrameDict begin
	0 def 
	end 
	} def 
	/landscape FMLOCAL
	/docheight FMLOCAL
	/docwidth FMLOCAL
	/yscale FMLOCAL
	/xscale FMLOCAL
	/orgxfer FMLOCAL
	/orgproc FMLOCAL
	/organgle FMLOCAL
	/orgfreq FMLOCAL
/FMDOCUMENT {
	/#copies exch def
	FrameDict begin
	0 ne /landscape exch def 
	/docheight exch def
	/docwidth exch def
	/yscale exch def
	/xscale exch def
	currenttransfer cvlit /orgxfer exch def
	currentscreen cvlit /orgproc exch def
		/organgle exch def /orgfreq exch def
	end 
	} def 
	/pagesave FMLOCAL
	/orgmatrix FMLOCAL
/FMBEGINPAGE {
	FrameDict begin 
	/pagesave save def
	
	2 setlinecap
	xscale yscale scale
	landscape {
		90 rotate
		0 docheight neg translate
		} if
	/orgmatrix matrix def
	gsave 
	} def 
/FMENDPAGE {
	grestore 
	pagesave restore
	end 
	showpage
	} def 
	/fontname FMLOCAL
	/fontscale FMLOCAL
	/fontnum FMLOCAL
	/fontdict FMLOCAL
/FMDEFINEFONT {
	FrameDict begin
	/fontname exch def
	/fontscale exch def
	/fontnum exch def
	/fontdict fontname findfont fontscale scalefont def
	fontdict /Encoding get StandardEncoding eq
	{
		fontdict DiacriticEncode 
		/fontdict exch def
	} {
		fontdict NonDiacriticEncode
		/fontdict exch def
	} ifelse
	FMfonts fontnum
		fontnum fontdict definefont
	put
	end 
	} def 
/FMLINEWIDTHS { 
	FrameDict begin
	dup array /FMlinewidths exch def 
	1 sub -1 0 {exch FMlinewidths 3 1 roll lnormalize put} for
	end 
	} def 
 
FrameDict begin 
/savematrix {
	orgmatrix currentmatrix pop
	} bind def
/restorematrix {
	orgmatrix setmatrix
	} bind def
/dmatrix matrix def
/dpi	72 0 dmatrix defaultmatrix dtransform
	dup mul exch   dup mul add   sqrt
def
/max	{2 copy lt {exch} if pop} bind def
/min	{2 copy gt {exch} if pop} bind def
/DiacriticEncoding [
/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef
/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef
/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef
/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef
/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /space /exclam /quotedbl
/numbersign /dollar /percent /ampersand /quotesingle /parenleft
/parenright /asterisk /plus /comma /hyphen /period /slash /zero /one
/two /three /four /five /six /seven /eight /nine /colon /semicolon
/less /equal /greater /question /at /A /B /C /D /E /F /G /H /I /J /K
/L /M /N /O /P /Q /R /S /T /U /V /W /X /Y /Z /bracketleft /backslash
/bracketright /asciicircum /underscore /grave /a /b /c /d /e /f /g /h
/i /j /k /l /m /n /o /p /q /r /s /t /u /v /w /x /y /z /braceleft /bar
/braceright /asciitilde /.notdef /Adieresis /Aring /Ccedilla /Eacute
/Ntilde /Odieresis /Udieresis /aacute /agrave /acircumflex /adieresis
/atilde /aring /ccedilla /eacute /egrave /ecircumflex /edieresis
/iacute /igrave /icircumflex /idieresis /ntilde /oacute /ograve
/ocircumflex /odieresis /otilde /uacute /ugrave /ucircumflex
/udieresis /dagger /.notdef /cent /sterling /section /bullet
/paragraph /germandbls /registered /copyright /trademark /acute
/dieresis /.notdef /AE /Oslash /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef
/yen /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef
/ordfeminine /ordmasculine /.notdef /ae /oslash /questiondown
/exclamdown /logicalnot /.notdef /florin /.notdef /.notdef
/guillemotleft /guillemotright /ellipsis /.notdef /Agrave /Atilde
/Otilde /OE /oe /endash /emdash /quotedblleft /quotedblright
/quoteleft /quoteright /.notdef /.notdef /ydieresis /Ydieresis
/fraction /currency /guilsinglleft /guilsinglright /fi /fl /daggerdbl
/periodcentered /quotesinglbase /quotedblbase /perthousand
/Acircumflex /Ecircumflex /Aacute /Edieresis /Egrave /Iacute
/Icircumflex /Idieresis /Igrave /Oacute /Ocircumflex /.notdef /Ograve
/Uacute /Ucircumflex /Ugrave /dotlessi /circumflex /tilde /macron
/breve /dotaccent /ring /cedilla /hungarumlaut /ogonek /caron
] def
/FMfonts 255 array def
	/basefontdict FMLOCAL
	/newfontdict FMLOCAL
/DiacriticEncode {
	/basefontdict exch def
	/newfontdict basefontdict maxlength dict def
	basefontdict
	{exch dup /FID ne
		{dup /Encoding eq
			{exch pop DiacriticEncoding}
			{exch}
			ifelse
			newfontdict 3 1 roll put
			}
		{pop pop}
		ifelse
		} forall
	newfontdict
	} bind def
/NonDiacriticEncode {
	/basefontdict exch def
	/newfontdict basefontdict maxlength dict def
	basefontdict
	{exch dup /FID ne
		{exch newfontdict 3 1 roll put}
		{pop pop}
		ifelse
		} forall
	newfontdict
	} bind def
	/freq FMLOCAL
	/bwidth FMLOCAL
	/bpside FMLOCAL
	/bstring FMLOCAL
	/onbits FMLOCAL
	/offbits FMLOCAL
	/xindex FMLOCAL
	/yindex FMLOCAL
	/x FMLOCAL
	/y FMLOCAL
/setpattern {
	 /freq    exch def
	 /bwidth  exch def
	 /bpside  exch def
	 /bstring exch def
	 /onbits 0 def  /offbits 0 def
	 freq 0 {/y exch def
		 /x exch def
		 /xindex x 1 add 2 div bpside mul cvi def
		 /yindex y 1 add 2 div bpside mul cvi def
		 bstring yindex bwidth mul xindex 8 idiv add get
		 1 7 xindex 8 mod sub bitshift and 0 ne
		 {/onbits  onbits  1 add def 1}
		 {/offbits offbits 1 add def 0}
		 ifelse
		}
		setscreen
	 {} settransfer
	 offbits offbits onbits add div setgray
	} bind def
/grayness {
	setgray
	orgxfer cvx settransfer
	orgfreq organgle orgproc cvx setscreen
	} bind def
/normalize {
	transform cvi exch cvi exch itransform
	} bind def
/dnormalize {
	dtransform cvi exch cvi exch idtransform
	} bind def
/lnormalize { 
	0 dtransform exch cvi 2 idiv 2 mul 1 add exch idtransform pop
	} bind def
/fillprocs
	[{0.00 grayness}
	 {0.10 grayness}
	 {0.30 grayness}
	 {0.50 grayness} 
	 {0.70 grayness}
	 {0.90 grayness}
	 {0.97 grayness} 
	 {1.00 grayness} 
	 {<0F1E3C78F0E1C387> 8 1 dpi 16 div setpattern} 
	 {<0F87C3E1F0783C1E> 8 1 dpi 16 div setpattern} 
	 {<CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC> 8 1 dpi 16 div setpattern} 
	 {<FFFF0000FFFF0000> 8 1 dpi 16 div setpattern} 
	 {<8142241818244281> 8 1 dpi 16 div setpattern} 
	 {<03060C183060C081> 8 1 dpi 16 div setpattern} 
	 {<8040201008040201> 8 1 dpi 16 div setpattern} 
	 {}
	 {1.00 grayness}
	 {0.90 grayness}
	 {0.70 grayness}
	 {0.50 grayness} 
	 {0.30 grayness}
	 {0.10 grayness}
	 {0.03 grayness} 
	 {0.00 grayness} 
	 {<F0E1C3870F1E3C78> 8 1 dpi 16 div setpattern} 
	 {<F0783C1E0F87C3E1> 8 1 dpi 16 div setpattern} 
	 {<3333333333333333> 8 1 dpi 16 div setpattern} 
	 {<0000FFFF0000FFFF> 8 1 dpi 16 div setpattern} 
	 {<7EBDDBE7E7DBBD7E> 8 1 dpi 16 div setpattern} 
	 {<FCF9F3E7CF9F3F7E> 8 1 dpi 16 div setpattern} 
	 {<7FBFDFEFF7FBFDFE> 8 1 dpi 16 div setpattern} 
	 {}
	] def
/H { 
	FMlinewidths exch get setlinewidth
	} bind def
/X { 
	fillprocs exch get exec
	} bind def
/V { 
	gsave eofill grestore
	} bind def
/N { 
	gsave stroke grestore 
	} bind def
/M {moveto} bind def
/E {lineto} bind def
/D {curveto} bind def
/O {closepath} bind def
	/n FMLOCAL
/L { 
 	/n exch def
	newpath
	normalize
	moveto 
	2 1 n {pop normalize lineto} for
	} bind def
/Y { 
	L 
	closepath
	} bind def
/K { 
 	/n exch def
	newpath
	moveto 
	3 1 n {pop curveto} for
	} bind def
/J { 
 	/n exch def
	newpath
	moveto 
	1 1 n {pop curveto} for
	} bind def
	/x1 FMLOCAL
	/x2 FMLOCAL
	/y1 FMLOCAL
	/y2 FMLOCAL
/R { 
	/y2 exch def
	/x2 exch def
	/y1 exch def
	/x1 exch def
	x1 y1
	x2 y1
	x2 y2
	x1 y2
	4 Y 
	} bind def
/C { 
	grestore
	gsave
	R 
	clip
	} bind def
/U { 
	grestore
	gsave
	} bind def
/F { 
	FMfonts exch get
	setfont
	} bind def
/T { 
	moveto show
	} bind def
/P { 
	moveto
	0 32 3 2 roll widthshow
	} bind def
/S { 
	moveto
	0 exch ashow
	} bind def
/B { 
	moveto
	0 32 4 2 roll 0 exch awidthshow
	} bind def
/Q { 
	moveto
	gsave show grestore
	} bind def
	/x FMLOCAL
	/y FMLOCAL
	/dx FMLOCAL
	/dy FMLOCAL
	/dl FMLOCAL
	/t FMLOCAL
	/t2 FMLOCAL
	/Cos FMLOCAL
	/Sin FMLOCAL
	/r FMLOCAL
/W { 
	dnormalize
	/dy exch def
	/dx exch def
	normalize
	/y  exch def
	/x  exch def
	/dl dx dx mul dy dy mul add sqrt def
	dl 0.0 gt {
		/t currentlinewidth def
		savematrix
		/Cos dx dl div def
		/Sin dy dl div def
		/r [Cos Sin Sin neg Cos 0.0 0.0] def
		/t2 t 2.5 mul 3.5 max def
		newpath
		x y translate
		r concat
		0.0 0.0 moveto
		dl t 2.7 mul sub 0.0 rlineto
		stroke
		restorematrix
		x dx add y dy add translate
		r concat
		t 0.67 mul setlinewidth
		t 1.61 mul neg  0.0 translate
		0.0 0.0 moveto
		t2 1.7 mul neg  t2 2.0 div     moveto
		0.0 0.0 lineto
		t2 1.7 mul neg  t2 2.0 div neg lineto
		stroke
		t setlinewidth
		restorematrix
		} if
	} bind def
/G { 
	gsave
	newpath
	normalize translate 0.0 0.0 moveto 
	dnormalize scale 
	0.0 0.0 1.0 5 3 roll arc 
	closepath eofill
	grestore
	} bind def
	/x FMLOCAL
	/y FMLOCAL
	/w FMLOCAL
	/h FMLOCAL
	/xx FMLOCAL
	/yy FMLOCAL
	/ww FMLOCAL
	/hh FMLOCAL
/A { 
	/y exch def
	/x exch def
	/h exch def
	/w exch def
	x y normalize /yy exch def /xx exch def
	w h dnormalize /hh exch def /ww exch def
	ww abs hh abs xx ww add yy hh sub
	gsave
	savematrix
	newpath
	translate
	scale
	0.0 0.0 1.0 5 3 roll arc
	0 setlinecap
	restorematrix
	stroke
	grestore
	} bind def
	/FMsaveobject FMLOCAL
	/FMoptop FMLOCAL
	/FMdicttop FMLOCAL
/BEGINPRINTCODE {
	/FMdicttop countdictstack 1 add def 
	/FMoptop count 6 sub def 
	/FMsaveobject save def
	userdict begin 
	/showpage {} def 
	newpath
	translate
	0.0 0.0 moveto
	} bind def
/ENDPRINTCODE {
	count -1 FMoptop {pop pop} for 
	countdictstack -1 FMdicttop {pop end} for 
	FMsaveobject restore 
	} bind def
/gn { 
	0 
	{	46 mul 
		cf read pop 
		32 sub 
		dup 46 lt {exit} if 
		46 sub add 
		} loop
	add 
	} bind def
	/str FMLOCAL
/cfs { 
	/str sl string def 
	0 1 sl 1 sub {str exch val put} for 
	str def 
	} bind def
/ic [ 
	0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0223
	0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0223
	0
	{0 hx} {1 hx} {2 hx} {3 hx} {4 hx} {5 hx} {6 hx} {7 hx} {8 hx} {9 hx}
	{10 hx} {11 hx} {12 hx} {13 hx} {14 hx} {15 hx} {16 hx} {17 hx} {18 hx}
	{19 hx} {gn hx} {0} {1} {2} {3} {4} {5} {6} {7} {8} {9} {10} {11} {12}
	{13} {14} {15} {16} {17} {18} {19} {gn} {0 wh} {1 wh} {2 wh} {3 wh}
	{4 wh} {5 wh} {6 wh} {7 wh} {8 wh} {9 wh} {10 wh} {11 wh} {12 wh}
	{13 wh} {14 wh} {gn wh} {0 bl} {1 bl} {2 bl} {3 bl} {4 bl} {5 bl} {6 bl}
	{7 bl} {8 bl} {9 bl} {10 bl} {11 bl} {12 bl} {13 bl} {14 bl} {gn bl}
	{0 fl} {1 fl} {2 fl} {3 fl} {4 fl} {5 fl} {6 fl} {7 fl} {8 fl} {9 fl}
	{10 fl} {11 fl} {12 fl} {13 fl} {14 fl} {gn fl}
	] def
	/sl FMLOCAL
	/val FMLOCAL
	/ws FMLOCAL
	/im FMLOCAL
	/bs FMLOCAL
	/cs FMLOCAL
	/len FMLOCAL
	/pos FMLOCAL
/ms { 
	/sl exch def 
	/val 255 def 
	/ws cfs 
	/im cfs 
	/val 0 def 
	/bs cfs 
	/cs cfs 
	} bind def
400 ms 
/ip { 
	is 
	0 
	cf cs readline pop 
	{	ic exch get exec 
		add 
		} forall 
	pop 
	
	} bind def
/wh { 
	/len exch def 
	/pos exch def 
	ws 0 len getinterval im pos len getinterval copy pop
	pos len 
	} bind def
/bl { 
	/len exch def 
	/pos exch def 
	bs 0 len getinterval im pos len getinterval copy pop
	pos len 
	} bind def
/s1 1 string def
/fl { 
	/len exch def 
	/pos exch def 
	/val cf s1 readhexstring pop 0 get def
	pos 1 pos len add 1 sub {im exch val put} for
	pos len 
	} bind def
/hx { 
	3 copy getinterval 
	cf exch readhexstring pop pop 
	} bind def
	/h FMLOCAL
	/w FMLOCAL
	/lb FMLOCAL
	/bitmapsave FMLOCAL
	/is FMLOCAL
	/cf FMLOCAL
/BEGINBITMAP { 
	gsave
	translate scale /h exch def /w exch def
	/lb w 7 add 8 idiv def 
	sl lb lt {lb ms} if 
	/bitmapsave save def 
	/is im 0 lb getinterval def 
	ws 0 lb getinterval is copy pop 
	/cf currentfile def 
	w h 1 [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] 
	{ip} image 
	bitmapsave restore 
	grestore
	} bind def
/ENDBITMAP {
	} bind def
end 
%%EndProlog
%%BeginSetup
(1.11) FMVERSION
1. 1. 612. 792. 0 1 FMDOCUMENT
0 12. /Times-Roman  FMDEFINEFONT
1 18. /Times-Bold  FMDEFINEFONT
2 14. /Times-Bold  FMDEFINEFONT
3 14. /Times-Roman  FMDEFINEFONT
4 12. /Times-Bold  FMDEFINEFONT
5 12. /Times-Italic  FMDEFINEFONT
6 9. /Times-Roman  FMDEFINEFONT
0.5 1. 3. 4. 4 FMLINEWIDTHS
%%EndSetup
%%Page: "1" 1
FMBEGINPAGE
0 F
0 X
(Sun Microsystems Porting Guide) 72. 36. T
(7-1) 524. 36. T
1 F
(Chapter 7) 72. 706. T
(Sun Computer Architecture) 214. 706. T
2 F
(7.1) 72. 678. T
(Overview ) 215. 678. T
0 F
(Sun offers one powerful computer architecture with three ) 216. 659. T
(instruction sets. The main components of Sun\325s computer archi-) 216. 646. T
(tecture are the CPU, floating-point processor \050FPP\051, memory ) 216. 633. T
(management unit \050MMU\051, and peripheral bus. \050see Figure 7-1\051  ) 216. 620. T
(Sun\325s open architecture approach extends to each component ) 216. 607. T
(within the Sun product line.) 216. 594. T
72. 58. 540. 720. C
152. 395. 534. 588. C
152. 395. 534. 588. R
7 X
V
182. 499. 250. 549. R
V
0 H
0 X
N
3 F
(CPU) 202. 520. T
278. 499. 346. 549. R
7 X
V
0 X
N
(MMU) 294. 521. T
399. 463. 529. 514. R
7 X
V
0 X
N
250. 522. 28. 0. W
346. 522. 34. 0. W
350. 522. -4. 0. W
256. 522. -6. 0. W
399. 530. 529. 581. R
7 X
V
0 X
N
2.73 (Main Memory) 422. 553. P
2.18 (Peripheral Bus) 420. 486. P
4 F
1.26 (Figure 7-1.  Sun Hardware Architecture) 248. 407. P
2 F
1.26 ( ) 460.24 407. P
383. 557. 383. 491. 2 L
N
382. 558. 17. 0. W
382. 490. 17. 0. W
388. 490. -5. 0. W
389. 558. -6. 0. W
182. 434. 250. 484. R
7 X
V
0 X
N
3 F
(FPP) 205. 456. T
217. 499. 0. -15. W
217. 493. 0. 6. W
381. 557. 381. 491. 2 L
N
72. 58. 540. 720. C
U
0 F
0 X
(Sun\325s computer architecture allows virtual addressing by both ) 216. 382. T
(software and direct memory access \050DMA\051 devices. The FPP ) 216. 369. T
(acts as a coprocessor and is closely coupled with the CPU. Fig-) 216. 356. T
(ure 7-2 describes how Sun\325s family relates to CPU and architec-) 216. 343. T
(ture. For a detailed description of product family configurations ) 216. 330. T
(refer to the ) 216. 317. T
5 F
(Sun Configuration Guide) 271.64 317. T
0 F
(. ) 392.99 317. T
(All Sun workstations have the same operating system, program ) 216. 148. T
(development tools, compilers, libraries, windowing system, and ) 216. 135. T
(other software. This means that applications developed for any ) 216. 122. T
(Sun family \050Sun-2) 216. 109. T
6 F
(\252,) 304.67 109. T
0 F
( Sun-3, Sun-4, and Sun386i\051 are easily ) 315.74 109. T
(ported to another family because the architectures are source-) 216. 96. T
(code compatible. Because SunOS is a converged version of ) 216. 83. T
(4.3/4.2BSD and System V.3, many applications written in C, ) 216. 70. T
71. 591. 179. 645. R
7 X
V
5 F
0 X
(One architecture: ) 71. 636. T
(three instruction ) 71. 622. T
(sets ) 71. 608. T
214. 171. 522. 294. C
214. 171. 522. 294. R
7 X
V
0 F
0 X
(Sun-2) 245. 251. T
(Sun-3) 245. 237. T
(Sun386) 245. 209. T
5 F
(i) 281.67 209. T
0 F
(Sun-4) 245. 223. T
(680X0) 335. 251. T
(680X0) 335. 237. T
(SPARC) 335. 223. T
(80386) 335. 209. T
3 F
(Sun Family) 234. 274. T
(CPU) 336. 273. T
4.74 (Bus Architecture) 400. 274. P
0 F
1.82 (Multibus, VME, SCSI) 400. 251. P
1.99 (VME, SCSI) 400. 237. P
1.99 (VME, SCSI) 400. 223. P
0.66 (AT, SCSI) 400. 209. P
225. 268. 515. 268. 2 L
0 H
N
314. 288. 314. 203. 2 L
N
389. 288. 389. 203. 2 L
N
4 F
0.24 (Figure 7-2.   Sun Product Family ) 285. 178. P
225. 202. 516. 289. R
N
225. 265. 515. 265. 2 L
N
U
FMENDPAGE
%%Page: "2" 2
FMBEGINPAGE
0 F
0 X
(Sun Microsystems Porting Guide) 380.33 36. T
(7-2) 72. 36. T
(FORTRAN, or Pascal on other UNIX systems are also source-) 216. 711. T
(code compatible. ) 216. 698. T
(To port a SunOS or other UNIX application to any Sun worksta-) 216. 681. T
(tion, the basic procedure is to copy the source-code files to ) 216. 668. T
(the machine and recompile it. Instances of incompatibility are ) 216. 655. T
(usually related to the way the processor stores binary data. ) 216. 642. T
(Based on the experience of software developers, the porting ) 216. 629. T
(procedure generally takes a few days.) 216. 616. T
(For applications that currently run on computers that do not use ) 216. 599. T
(the UNIX operating system, you need to rewrite code to port ) 216. 586. T
(the application to SunOS.  If the application has not been writ-) 216. 573. T
(ten for SunOS, we recommend porting first to the SPARC based ) 216. 560. T
(Sun-4 family. ) 216. 547. T
2 F
(7.2) 72. 522. T
(CPU/MMU/FPP Overview) 215. 522. T
0 F
(Sun offers three different instruction sets: Motorola 680X0, ) 216. 503. T
(SPARC, and the Intel 80386. Each has its own floating-point ) 216. 490. T
(coprocessor \050FPP\051. ) 216. 477. T
(Sun-2, Sun-3, and Sun-4 systems share Sun\325s virtual memory ) 216. 460. T
(architecture, which  supports the demand-paging requirements ) 216. 447. T
(of large application programs. It provides mapping for processes ) 216. 434. T
(up to 256 megabytes and features exceptionally fast context ) 216. 421. T
(switching, as well as a large number of translation entries. It ) 216. 408. T
(also supports virtual input/output procedures as well as direct ) 216. 395. T
(virtual memory access \050DVMA) 216. 382. T
6 F
(\252) 367.63 382. T
0 F
(\051 from I/O devices. ) 376.45 382. T
(All of Sun\325s floating-point solutions perform single- and double-) 216. 365. T
(precision, binary floating-point arithmetic according to the IEEE ) 216. 352. T
(754 standard.) 216. 339. T
2 F
(7.2.1) 72. 314. T
(Motorola 680X0) 215. 314. T
0 F
(The Sun-3 series uses the powerful Motorola 68020 family ) 216. 295. T
(single-chip microprocessor. The Sun-2 series uses the older ) 216. 282. T
(Motorola MC68010 CPU, which is binary compatible with the ) 216. 269. T
(MC68020. Thus, executable programs on the Sun-2 family run ) 216. 256. T
(unchanged on the Sun-3. Vendors often distribute Sun-2 bina-) 216. 243. T
(ries \050MC68010\051 instead of both executable versions.) 216. 230. T
(The Sun-3 family includes the Motorola 68881 floating-point ) 216. 213. T
(coprocessor, which allows overlapped execution of 68020 and ) 216. 200. T
(68881 instructions. ) 216. 187. T
2 F
(7.2.2) 72. 162. T
(SPARC \050Scalable Processor ARChitecture\051) 215. 162. T
0 F
(The SPARC CPU is a Reduced Instruction Set Computer ) 216. 143. T
(\050RISC\051 designed by Sun Microsystems and is licensed to other ) 216. 130. T
(computer manufacturers. It is composed of an Integer Unit \050IU\051 ) 216. 117. T
(that performs basic processing and a Floating-Point Unit \050FPU\051 ) 216. 104. T
(to perform floating-point calculations. ) 216. 91. T
72. 110. 180. 125. R
7 X
V
5 F
0 X
(Used in Sun-4) 72. 116. T
72. 248. 180. 275. R
7 X
V
0 X
(Used in Sun-2 and ) 72. 266. T
(Sun-3) 72. 252. T
FMENDPAGE
%%Page: "3" 3
FMBEGINPAGE
0 F
0 X
(Sun Microsystems Porting Guide) 72. 36. T
(7-3) 524. 36. T
(The Sun-4 family incorporates SPARC and is designed for high ) 217. 711. T
(performance. The Sun-4 systems achieve this performance by ) 217. 698. T
(utilizing the latest ideas in computer architecture, gate-array ) 217. 685. T
(technology, memory, cache technology, and compiler technology. ) 217. 672. T
(The Sun-4 family of workstations and servers addresses appli-) 217. 659. T
(cation areas that previously required special-purpose computer ) 217. 646. T
(architectures or large, expensive mainframe systems.) 217. 633. T
(For porting information pertinent to SPARC, refer to ) 217. 616. T
5 F
(Porting ) 473.99 616. T
(Software to SPARC Systems.) 217. 603. T
2 F
(7.2.3) 72. 578. T
(Intel 80386) 215. 578. T
0 F
(The Sun386) 217. 559. T
5 F
(i) 275.33 559. T
0 F
( CPU is the Intel 80386 microprocessor, running at ) 278.67 559. T
(a clock frequency of either 20 or 25 megahertz, depending on the ) 217. 546. T
(model. The Memory Management Unit \050MMU\051 is on the 80386 ) 217. 533. T
(CPU itself, rather than in a separate component. As a result, ) 217. 520. T
(virtual to physical address translation takes place within the ) 217. 507. T
(CPU. The CPU provides protection, sharing, and memory alloca-) 217. 494. T
(tion for multiple processes. ) 217. 481. T
(The 80386 has a virtual 8086 mode, so it can run multiple PC ) 217. 464. T
(processes simultaneously in virtual mode while the operating ) 217. 451. T
(system runs in protected mode. This capability allows multiple ) 217. 438. T
(MS-DOS windows to operate on the Sun386) 217. 425. T
5 F
(i) 431.66 425. T
0 F
( concurrently with ) 434.99 425. T
(UNIX.) 217. 412. T
(For floating-point processing, the Sun386) 217. 395. T
5 F
(i) 417.33 395. T
0 F
( architecture uses the ) 420.66 395. T
(Intel 80387 processor, running synchronously with the 80386. ) 217. 382. T
(DOS applications can use the floating-point processor to exe-) 217. 369. T
(cute code written for Intel 8087 or 80287 processors.) 217. 356. T
(The 80386 also is binary compatible with 8086 and 80286 pro-) 217. 339. T
(cessors, which are earlier processors in the same Intel family.) 217. 326. T
(For porting information pertinent to the 80386, refer to the ) 217. 309. T
5 F
(Sun386i Developer\325s Guide) 217. 296. T
0 F
(.) 350.31 296. T
2 F
(7.2.4) 72. 271. T
(Floating Point Accelerator \050FPA\051) 215. 271. T
0 F
(The Floating Point Accelerator \050FPA\051 is a single VME-card, ) 217. 252. T
(high-performance option for Sun-3 systems. The FPA increas-) 217. 239. T
(es floating-point performance over the floating-point coproces-) 217. 226. T
(sor by an average factor of four.) 217. 213. T
(For optimal performance, the FPA is directly coupled to the ) 217. 196. T
(CPU\325s VME P2-Bus. CPU processing and FPA operations ) 217. 183. T
(automatically overlap. A two-stage pipeline and dual-ported ) 217. 170. T
(registers further improve simultaneous operation of the CPU ) 217. 157. T
(and FPA. ) 217. 144. T
(The FPA is software transparent. That is, binary application ) 217. 127. T
(programs are transportable between machines with or without ) 217. 114. T
(the FPA option. To achieve the highest performance, however, ) 217. 101. T
(applications written for workstations without the FPA option ) 217. 88. T
(should be recompiled when used with the FPA.) 217. 75. T
74. 496. 182. 541. R
7 X
V
5 F
0 X
(Used in Sun386i) 74. 532. T
71. 183. 179. 237. R
7 X
V
0 X
(Floating-point hard-) 71. 228. T
(ware for Sun-3) 71. 214. T
FMENDPAGE
%%Page: "4" 4
FMBEGINPAGE
0 F
0 X
(Sun Microsystems Porting Guide) 380.33 36. T
(7-4) 72. 36. T
2 F
(7.3) 72. 709. T
(Byte Ordering in a Heterogeneous Environment) 215. 709. T
0 F
(Binary data is stored on the Sun386) 216. 692. T
5 F
(i) 387.32 692. T
0 F
( workstation the same ) 390.66 692. T
(as it is on some 32-bit processors \050such as DEC VAX\051 but ) 216. 679. T
(different from the way it is on others \050such as Sun MC680X0 ) 216. 666. T
(and SPARC workstations\051. Although this arrangement has ) 216. 653. T
(no impact on most programs, ) 216. 639. T
3 F
(\324\324) 359.33 639. T
0 F
(byte swapping) 368.65 639. T
3 F
(\325\325) 438.31 639. T
0 F
( is potentially ) 447.64 639. T
(a problem if processors with different architectures try to ) 216. 625. T
(interpret the same binary data. The following are general ) 216. 612. T
(areas where byte swap problems can exist:) 216. 599. T
(\245) 216. 581. T
(Passing binary data over the network. Use Sun\325s Exter-) 234. 581. T
(nal Data Representation \050XDR\051 format or another stan-) 234. 568. T
(dard network format to avoid problems.) 234. 555. T
(\245 ) 216. 537. T
(Porting raster graphics images between architectures. ) 234. 537. T
(SunView, Pixrect, the icon editor, and other Sun graphics ) 234. 524. T
(routines handle byte order appropriately for the architec-) 234. 511. T
(ture, so programs containing these routines can be ported ) 234. 498. T
(without change. If your application uses graphic images ) 234. 485. T
(that are in binary form and was not produced by Sun rou-) 234. 472. T
(tines, convert them.) 234. 459. T
(\245 ) 216. 441. T
(Performing conversions from character to integer or from ) 234. 441. T
(integer to integer between architectures. Again, use XDR.) 234. 428. T
(\245 ) 216. 410. T
(Reading binary data created on an architecture with a dif-) 234. 410. T
(ferent byte order. Before reading the data, you need to fil-) 234. 397. T
(ter it to correct the byte order.) 234. 384. T
(\245 ) 217. 366. T
(Latent bugs. For example, using ) 234. 366. T
5 F
(strlen) 391.66 366. T
0 F
( and ) 418.99 366. T
5 F
(malloc) 442.32 366. T
0 F
( system ) 474.98 366. T
(calls improperly can cause problems that do not occur on ) 234. 353. T
(other architectures.) 234. 340. T
2 F
(7.4) 72. 312. T
(Bus Architectures) 215. 312. T
0 F
(Sun supports VMEbus, Multibus I, and AT bus architectures. ) 217. 293. T
(The sections below present an overview.) 217. 280. T
2 F
(7.4.1) 72. 255. T
(VMEbus) 215. 255. T
0 F
(The Sun-3 and Sun-4 families use the industry-leading 32-bit ) 217. 236. T
(VMEbus revision B, which is compatible with a large number ) 217. 223. T
(of board-level components. Sun\325s VMEbus interface allows ) 217. 210. T
(16-, 24-, and full 32-bit device addressing and 8-, 16-, and ) 217. 197. T
(32-bit data access.  For more detailed information, please ) 217. 184. T
(refer to Sun\325s ) 217. 171. T
5 F
(User\325s Guide to the Sun-3/100 VMEbus) 285.32 171. T
0 F
(.) 476.3 171. T
(Sun conforms to the triple-height, full-depth Eurocard/VMEbus ) 217. 154. T
(board format in most of its models. Single- and double-size ) 217. 141. T
(Eurocard boards may be accommodated with Sun VMEbus ) 217. 128. T
(adapters.) 217. 115. T
(The Sun-3 Eurocard board set implements the Sun-3 architec-) 217. 98. T
(ture on a double-height VMEbus standard, allowing OEMs and ) 217. 85. T
70. 628. 178. 683. R
7 X
V
5 F
0 X
(Use XDR, byte swap-) 70. 674. T
(ping, bit flipping for ) 70. 660. T
(byte ordering prob-) 70. 646. T
(lems) 70. 632. T
72. 176. 180. 219. R
7 X
V
0 X
(Sun-3 and Sun-4 use ) 72. 210. T
(32-bit VMEbus revi-) 72. 196. T
(sion B) 72. 182. T
FMENDPAGE
%%Page: "5" 5
FMBEGINPAGE
0 F
0 X
(Sun Microsystems Porting Guide) 72. 36. T
(7-5) 524. 36. T
(system integrators to incorporate Sun\325s environment into ) 217. 711. T
(their products.) 217. 698. T
2 F
(7.4.2) 72. 673. T
(Multibus) 215. 673. T
0 F
(Most of the older Sun-2 family supports the Multibus I stan-) 217. 654. T
(dard. Users wishing to port Multibus devices to either Sun-3 ) 217. 641. T
(or Sun-4 systems may use the Sun VME - Multibus Adapter ) 217. 628. T
(board.) 217. 615. T
2 F
(7.4.3) 72. 590. T
(VME to Multibus Adapter) 215. 590. T
0 F
(Sun\325s VME to Multibus Adapter board allows Multibus boards ) 217. 571. T
(to plug into Sun\325s VMEbus backplane.  The Multibus card phys-) 217. 558. T
(ically installs in the VME to Multibus Adapter and translates ) 217. 545. T
(Multibus protocols into those of the VMEbus.) 217. 532. T
(For more information, please refer to the ) 217. 515. T
5 F
(User\325s Manual for the ) 415.62 515. T
(Sun VME - Multibus Adapter Board) 217. 502. T
0 F
(.) 389.99 502. T
2 F
(7.4.4) 72. 477. T
(AT Bus) 215. 477. T
0 F
(The Sun386) 217. 458. T
5 F
(i) 275.33 458. T
0 F
( peripheral expansion bus is the industry-standard ) 278.67 458. T
(AT bus. An interface converts CPU and Direct Memory Access ) 217. 445. T
(\050DMA\051 signals from the system bus to AT bus signals and ) 217. 432. T
(serves as a buffer between the 32-bit high-speed system bus ) 217. 419. T
(and the 16-bit AT bus. ) 217. 406. T
(The Sun386) 217. 389. T
5 F
(i) 275.33 389. T
0 F
( has three slots for IBM PC/AT-compatible add-on ) 278.67 389. T
(cards and one slot for an XT-compatible card. These two types ) 217. 376. T
(of cards differ in the size of the data path used for access \050XT ) 217. 363. T
(cards are 8-bit; AT cards are 16-bit\051 and in the connectors that ) 217. 350. T
(attach to the bus. \050AT cards have an additional connector. \051) 217. 337. T
(Peripherals on the AT bus can be controlled by DOS drivers ) 217. 320. T
(from a Sun386) 217. 307. T
5 F
(i) 288.33 307. T
0 F
( DOS window, or they can be controlled by ) 291.66 307. T
(SunOS drivers. For further information, please refer to the ) 217. 294. T
5 F
(Sun386i Porting Guide) 217. 281. T
0 F
(.) 328.34 281. T
(The AT bus speed is one-fourth the processor speed, or 6.25 ) 217. 264. T
(MHz on the Sun386) 217. 251. T
5 F
(i) 314. 251. T
0 F
(/250 model and 5 MHz on the Sun386) 317.33 251. T
5 F
(i) 500.99 251. T
0 F
(/150 ) 504.33 251. T
(model. Nine interrupt channels and five direct memory access ) 217. 238. T
(DMA channels are available for AT bus cards. ) 217. 225. T
2 F
(7.4.5) 72. 200. T
(SCSI) 215. 200. T
0 F
(The SCSI \050Small Computer Systems Interface\051 provides an ) 217. 181. T
(industry-standard, high-level interface that works with disks ) 217. 168. T
(as well as tapes and other devices. Devices may be daisy-) 217. 155. T
(chained to the SCSI bus through the external ports of the sys-) 217. 142. T
(tem box or the peripheral box.) 217. 129. T
(Sun currently uses the SCSI bus for disk and tape units. ) 217. 112. T
(Customers are discouraged from porting devices to Sun\325s SCSI ) 217. 99. T
(because it is an undocumented and unsupported external inter-) 217. 86. T
71. 615. 179. 656. R
7 X
V
5 F
0 X
(Sun-2 uses ) 71. 647. T
(Multibus I ) 71. 633. T
(standard) 71. 619. T
70. 513. 188. 570. R
7 X
V
0 X
(Multibus boards can ) 70. 561. T
(be plugged into the Sun ) 70. 547. T
(VMEbus backplane ) 70. 533. T
(using the adapter) 70. 519. T
71. 121. 179. 173. R
7 X
V
0 X
(High-level interface ) 71. 164. T
(to disk, tape, and ) 71. 150. T
(other devices) 71. 136. T
73. 431. 180. 447. R
7 X
V
0 X
(Sun386i uses AT bus) 73. 438. T
FMENDPAGE
%%Page: "6" 6
FMBEGINPAGE
0 F
0 X
(Sun Microsystems Porting Guide) 380.33 36. T
(7-6) 72. 36. T
(face.  Sun Consulting is the sole resource for customers deter-) 217. 711. T
(mined to port to the SCSI.) 217. 698. T
2 F
(7.5) 72. 673. T
(UNIX Device Drivers) 215. 673. T
0 F
(UNIX can extend its peripheral control to new devices attached ) 217. 654. T
(to the peripheral bus. The code that controls a device and inter-) 217. 641. T
(faces to the UNIX operating system is termed a ) 217. 628. T
5 F
(device driver.) 447.95 628. T
2 F
(7.5.1) 72. 603. T
(Porting Device Drivers) 215. 603. T
0 F
(Because device drivers recognize hardware and the architecture ) 216. 584. T
(it resides in, they are inherently more difficult to port between ) 216. 571. T
(UNIX systems than an application program. Within Sun\325s single ) 216. 558. T
(architecture, however, a device driver can be designed to be ) 216. 545. T
(portable even between multiple instruction set computers.) 216. 532. T
(Sun\325s ) 217. 515. T
5 F
(Writing Device Drivers for the Sun Workstation) 247.34 515. T
0 F
( is an ) 477.32 515. T
(excellent programmer) 217. 501. T
3 F
(\325) 322.64 501. T
0 F
(s guide for designing and writing device ) 327.3 501. T
(drivers across the Sun family of workstations. Refer to this ) 217. 487. T
(manual for more detailed information.) 217. 474. T
(The Sun386) 217. 457. T
5 F
(i) 275.33 457. T
0 F
( implements loadable modules that allow ease of ) 278.67 457. T
(installation and device driver development. For more detailed ) 217. 444. T
(information, refer to the loadable driver chapters in ) 217. 431. T
5 F
(Writing ) 465.94 431. T
(Device Drivers for the Sun Workstation) 217. 418. T
0 F
(.) 407.31 418. T
2 F
(7.6) 72. 393. T
(Sun Memory Cache) 215. 393. T
0 F
(The Sun-3/200 and  Sun-4/200 series systems incorporate a ) 217. 374. T
(high-speed memory called a cache, which contains copies of ) 217. 361. T
("frequently requested" data from main memory. Device driver ) 217. 348. T
(and application developers interested in optimal performance on ) 217. 335. T
(systems with cache need to understand porting issues to these ) 217. 322. T
(machines.  For more detailed information refer to the document,) 217. 309. T
5 F
( ) 525.28 309. T
(The Sun Cache) 217. 296. T
0 F
(.) 289.66 296. T
2 F
(7.7) 72. 271. T
(Future Directions) 215. 271. T
0 F
(As new technologies and standards evolve, Sun will incorporate ) 217. 252. T
(them to facilitate the development of third-party products and ) 217. 239. T
(portable applications.  Future Sun products will further utilize ) 217. 226. T
(the advances in SPARC technology.) 217. 213. T
72. 505. 180. 576. R
7 X
V
5 F
0 X
(Device drivers can ) 72. 567. T
(be designed to be ) 72. 553. T
(portable across multi-) 72. 539. T
(ple instruction sets) 72. 525. T
71. 346. 179. 365. R
7 X
V
0 X
(High-speed memory ) 71. 356. T
FMENDPAGE
%%Trailer
%%Pages: 6 1
%%DocumentFonts: Times-Roman
%%+ Times-Bold
%%+ Times-Italic